Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3149

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3153

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3145

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3141

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3139

Deprecated: Return type of ADORecordSet_empty::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3204

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3276

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3280

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3272

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3268

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3264

Deprecated: Return type of ADORecordSet::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/pjiacompk/public_html/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3356
Masood Ahmed Riaz ,Shakir Adam ,Khalid Mehmood. “PIOUS CALIPHATE VS UMAYYAD KINGSHIP: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BASIC RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE ”. Pakistan Journal of International Affairs 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2021). Accessed August 12, 2026. https://www.pjia.com.pk/index.php/pjia/article/view/256.