GOVERNANCE, COMPLIANCE, AND QUALITY ASSURANCE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PSG-2023 IMPLEMENTATION IN PAKISTANI DEGREE AWARDING INSTITUTIONS

Abstract

The introduction of the Program Standards and Guidelines 2023 (PSG-2023) by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan represents a major step toward strengthening governance, compliance, and quality assurance across Degree Awarding Institutions (DAIs). This study empirically examines the extent, challenges, and institutional readiness associated with PSG-2023 implementation in Pakistani higher education. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected through structured surveys administered to Quality Enhancement Cells (QECs) and semi-structured interviews with senior academic administrators across public and private DAIs. Quantitative findings indicate varying levels of compliance, with relatively stronger adherence in documentation, program review mechanisms, and institutional governance structures, while notable gaps remain in faculty development, outcome-based education (OBE) alignment, and continuous quality improvement practices. Qualitative insights further reveal capacity constraints, inconsistent interpretation of standards, and resource limitations as major barriers to effective implementation. The study concludes that while PSG-2023 provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing academic quality, its successful operationalization requires targeted capacity building, clearer procedural guidelines, and strengthened oversight mechanisms. Recommendations are offered to support policymakers, QECs, and institutional leaders in achieving full and sustainable compliance with PSG-2023.